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    Sunday, September 29, 2019

    Home Unlabelled Linux Tutorial: Build Your Own Custom Linux Distro with Yocto

    Linux Tutorial: Build Your Own Custom Linux Distro with Yocto

    September 29, 2019

    Linux Tutorial: Build Your Own Custom Linux Distro with Yocto

    Tutorial: Build Your Own Custom Linux Distro with Yocto

    Posted: 29 Sep 2019 12:23 PM PDT

    The learning curve for any embedded development tool can be tough. Most people who use complex, powerful tools like this have been through college and spent several years mastering them in day to day life. Yocto is no exception to the list, but the potential to create a robust, custom Linux distribution that meets your needs is game changing. Especially considering where the technical market has been driving the past couple decades.

    It's now easier than ever to host a whole operating system on a small embedded system for a low cost.

    At DornerWorks, we believe in simplifying innovation and openly helping you achieve your goals. This blog will help you build your own Linux image with Yocto, providing helpful tips for those who are just getting started.

    Hardware and OS Requirements

    The computer that you are building on should have at least 8GB of RAM and 120GB of hard drive space. It can be done with less, but Yocto can be resource-intensive, depending on what your end goal is.

    The build host should also be running a supported Linux distribution. I recommend Ubuntu. It's simple to use, has a modern look, and is well maintained. You can also use:

    • Fedora
    • openSUSE
    • CentOS
    • Debian

    If you're using Windows or Mac, checkout VirtualBox which will allow you to run a virtual Linux machine inside your computer.

    Dependencies

    Let's start off by making sure you have the correct dependencies installed on your Ubuntu machine. If you are using a distribution other than Ubuntu, visit The Build Host Packages section of the Yocto Project Quick Start guide.

    sudo apt-get install gawk wget git-core diffstat unzip \
    texinfo gcc-multilib build-essential chrpath socat cpio \
    libsdl1.2-dev xterm python python3 python3-pip python3-pexpect \
    xz-utils debianutils iputils-ping

    Clone Yocto Poky

    You can download the latest version of Yocto from the Yocto Project website. It's probably best to clone the repo with git. This makes it easier to update later and saves time in setup. Currently the command to clone the repo is as follows, which automatically checks out the latest release (the "sumo" branch).

    git clone -b sumo git://git.yoctoproject.org/poky.git

    You can put this directory anywhere you'd like to. I'd recommend cloning the repo into something like ~/yocto/project-name/. That way you can have a common directory if you ever need to use the same machine for a different Yocto environment.

    Initializing

    In order to build anything in Yocto, you need to initialize the environment. Execute the following commands to navigate into the repo that you cloned and initialize the build environment.

    cd ~/yocto/project-name/poky
    source oe-init-build-env build

    This is an easy step but a couple things happen here. Mainly, the build directory is created. This is where all the building is executed and where you can find the image files once the build is complete. The configuration file is also created allowing you to customize your settings.

    You don't need to source the oe-init-build-env every time you build, only when you reboot your computer, or close the shell you're using.

    Configuring

    The configuration file is located in the build directory at poky/build/conf/local.conf. By default this configuration file is set to build for QEMU. You can look over the configuration file. Before building the first time, I recommend adding two lines to the end of the local.conf.

    BB_NUMBER_THREADS = "X"
    PARALLEL_MAKE = "-j X"

    Replace the value "X" in the lines with twice the number of processors/CPUs you have for you computer. For example if there are 4 processors, the lines would look like this BB_NUMBER_THREADS = "8" and PARALLEL_MAKE = "-j 8". To view the number of processors you have on your machine, use the command lscpu.

    Build image

    To build the image, enter the command bitbake core-image-sato inside the build directory (poky/build). Bitbake will handle the build, downloading source files it needs and implementing them in the correct places. The first time you build, it will take a while (maybe a couple hours). Sometimes Bitbake does have an error while building. If this happens examine the error. A lot of times it can be caused by an external website being down for a few minutes or it couldn't find certain source. Usually it's worth trying to rebuilding the image. Do this by running bitbake core-image-sato again and Yocto will pick up where it left off. Once the build is complete, you can locate the binary images in your build directory at poky/build/tmp/deploy/images/qemux86.

    Conclusion

    While Yocto can be a difficult tool to master, getting started in the right direction is essential. Pretty soon you'll be running your own custom Linux distribution on the hardware of your choice! For further help in developing your product see some of our other Yocto resources and grab our free development series (walkthroughs, tips & tricks, and more) here: https://dornerworks.com/custom/software/yocto-development-series

    submitted by /u/DWengineering49546
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    Put PC in hibernation, turned it on, got grub rescue.

    Posted: 29 Sep 2019 09:07 AM PDT

    Which distro is the least pain in the ass for gaming?

    Posted: 28 Sep 2019 09:37 PM PDT

    I did it. I broke my 3 month old mint install. I have a laptop with an integrated intel card.

    Edit: and an Nvidia gpu

    submitted by /u/Win4ce
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    Geoip and whitelisting just one country - How?!

    Posted: 29 Sep 2019 11:18 AM PDT

    Hey guys,

    I think I got the idea down, but I'm having a tremendous amount of difficulty in implementing this.

    Long story short, I want to have my ubuntu server (18.04) firewall blocking all outside contact attempst to be rejected by default, if it comes from a country that is not my own.

    So let's say that I'm from Ireland, the server has no business in allowing connections coming from china. Simple.

    In practice? I'm pulling my hairs.

    I've read about GeoIp, I haven't found an updated manual since the company Max stopped updating the IP lists in the IPtable format.

    Can anyone help me in achivieing this?

    submitted by /u/severanexp
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    I am about to give PCLinuxOS a try. Anyone have tips, tricks, or gotchas to look out for?

    Posted: 29 Sep 2019 06:46 AM PDT

    Any and all advice and experiences welcome. Thanks!

    submitted by /u/BobsYourUnc
    [link] [comments]

    Adding non-official repo. How to determine whether to trust it or not?

    Posted: 29 Sep 2019 08:06 AM PDT

    Want to add this repo to use Qomui, a GUI for connecting to VPN with killswitch implemented

    https://software.opensuse.org//download.html?project=home%3Acorrad1nho&package=qomui

    During the install, I'm presented the key fingerprints and am asked whether to reject or trust the key. So for non-official repos in general, how do you determine whether or not to trust it?

    And if you trust and import the key, is the purpose of that to check if the key still matches when there's an update to the repo?

    submitted by /u/bogdan_bogdan
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    Videos : My most used Linux commands

    Posted: 29 Sep 2019 02:02 AM PDT

    Hi all. I'm making a new serie of videos about my most used Linux commands.
    Here is part 1, installing software, access root user, debug tools, switch terminal and reboot and shutdown.
    https://youtu.be/-5hvMXOOyFs
    Here is part 2, CPU Tools, work with files and folders and zip and unzip files.
    https://youtu.be/paANwv6KQbU

    Greetings, NicoD

    submitted by /u/NicoD-SBC
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    sudoers file help?

    Posted: 29 Sep 2019 11:51 AM PDT

    in default sudoers file it says:

    # User privilege specification

    root ALL=(ALL:ALL) ALL

    ​

    1. what is the meaning of these ALL?
    2. Does it matter how many spaces i put between each word? especially after 'root'? for example, will user ALL=(ALL:ALL) ALL create problems?
    3. on a linux guide the guy has USER ALL=(ALL) ALL line. So why in my linux it says ALL:ALL in the brackets? what is the difference between (ALL) and (ALL:ALL)?
    submitted by /u/WeirdReward
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    Ubuntu Derivitives Only. How I fixed or improved my Display Port, Audio, ThunderBolt, Graphics, GamePad issues and more on my newish Laptop.

    Posted: 29 Sep 2019 09:03 AM PDT

    The Big Fix --- Ubuntu Derivatives only.

    For NEWISH LAPTOP Display Port, GamePad,Thunderbolt, Audio issue, System freeze and more Fixes in new Kernel

    ​

    Install this PPA and update. This PPA is canonical STABLE dont be scared by the wording.

    Its post Ubuntu Mainline.

    In 6 years Ive never had an issue. ever. Its how FOSS works. gems hiding in plain site.

    sudo add-apt-repository ppa:canonical-kernel-team/proposed

    sudo apt-get update

    ​

    # Then prep.

    A. [ sudo apt update && sudo apt full-upgrade ]

    B [sudo apt --fix-broken install && sudo apt --fix-missing install ]

    C. [ sudo apt autoclean && sudo apt autoremove && sudo update-grub ]

    IMPORTANT NOTE BELOW!

    Follow order exactly is using terminal

    Depends on your OS type, download and install the packages in turns when using CLI.

    # Install with Synaptic Package Manager.

    [ sudo apt update]

    [ sudo apt install --reinstall --install-recommends synaptic ]

    [ sudo apt install --reinstall --install-recommends dkms ]

    ​

    # Refresh repo. then search [ kernel ]

    # now in the version column click the top of column to manipulate the order from Highest to descending

    # install these packages with version.

    5.3.0-12.13~18.04.2. Backup Kernel

    1. linux-headers-5.3.x-xxxxxx_all.deb 5.3.0-12.13~18.04.2
    2. linux-headers-5.3.x-xxx-generic_xxx_amd64(/i386).deb #5.3.0-12.13~18.04.2
    3. linux-image-xxx-5.x.0-xxx-generic_xxx_amd64(/i386).deb #5.3.0-12.13~18.04.2
    4. linux-modules-5.3.x-xxx-generic_xxx_amd64(/i386).deb #5.3.0-12.13~18.04.2
    5. linux-modules-extra.5.3.x-xxx-generic_xxx_amd64(/i386).deb #5.3.0-12.13~18.04.2

    5.3.0-12.13~18.04.2 Installed and running Kernel

    1. linux-headers-5.3.x-xxx-lowlatency_xxx_amd64(/i386).deb #5.3.0-12.13~18.04.2

    2. linux-image-xxx-5.x.0-xxx-lowlatency_amd64(/i386).deb #5.3.0-12.13~18.04.2

    3. linux-modules-5.x.x-xxx-lowlatency_amd64(/i386).deb #5.3.0-12.13~18.04.2

    4. linux-modules-extra.5.x.x-xxx-lowlatency_amd64(/i386).deb #5.3.0-12.13~18.04.2

    _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

    #Exit Synaptic

    # # Open Terminal

    [ sudo update-grub && sudo update-initramfs -c -k all ]

    [ sudo shutdown ]

    ​

    Extra Sys. Mon. Capabilities. Essential. from Ubuntu Main repo

    [ sudo apt update ]

    [ sudo apt install --reinstall --install-recommends thermald ]

    [ sudo apt install --reinstall --install-recommends lm-sensors ]

    [ sudo apt install --reinstall --install-recommends libsensors4-dev ]

    [ sudo apt install --reinstall --install-recommends mrtgutils-sensors ]

    [ sudo apt install --reinstall --install-recommends fancontrol ]

    [ sudo apt install --reinstall --install-recommends read-edid ]

    [ sudo apt install --reinstall --install-recommends i2c-tools ]

    [ sudo apt install --reinstall --install-recommends intel-microcode ]

    [ sudo apt install --reinstall --install-recommends amd64-microcode ]

    [ sudo apt install --reinstall --install-recommends fwupd fwupdate ]

    # # Open Terminal

    [ sudo apt update && sudo apt upgrade && sudo apt dist-upgrade && sudo apt full-upgrade ]

    # Usually just [ sudo apt update && sudo apt full-upgrade ]

    # Check packages and dependencies installed correctly

    [ sudo apt update && sudo dpkg --configure -a && sudo apt -f install && sudo apt --fix-missing install ]

    # remove old packages

    [ sudo apt autoclean && sudo sudo apt autoremove ]

    [ sudo update-grub && sudo update-initramfs -c -k all ]

    [ sudo shutdown ]

    # reboot tool install packages the update system firmware

    #Normally, fwupd should already be installed on your Linux system.

    # If not, install it using the package manager of your distribution.

    #Open a terminal and update your system first (commands applicable for Debian and Ubuntu-based distributions):

    sudo apt update && sudo apt upgrade -y

    #After that you can use the following commands one by one to start the daemon, refresh the list of available firmware updates and install the firmware updates.

    sudo service fwupd start

    #Once the daemon is running, check if there are any firmware updates available.

    sudo fwupdmgr refresh

    #The output should look like this:

    Fetching metadata https://cdn.fwupd.org/downloads/firmware.xml.gzDownloading… [****************************]Fetching signature https://cdn.fwupd.org/downloads/firmware.xml.gz.asc

    #After this, run the firmware update:

    sudo fwupdmgr update

    #The output of the firmware update could be similar to this: EXAMPLE OF OUTPUT

    #No upgrades for XPS 13 9360 TPM 2.0, current is 1.3.1.0: 1.3.1.0=same#No upgrades for XPS 13 9360 System Firmware, current is 0.2.8.1: 0.2.8.1=same, 0.2.7.1=older, 0.2.6.2=older, 0.2.5.1=older, 0.2.4.2=older, 0.2.3.1=older, 0.2.2.1=older, #0.2.1.0=older, 0.1.3.7=older, 0.1.3.5=older, 0.1.3.2=older, 0.1.2.3=older#Downloading 21.00 for XPS13 9360 Thunderbolt Controller…#Updating 21.00 on XPS13 9360 Thunderbolt Controller…#Decompressing… [***********]#Authenticating… [***********] #Restarting device… [***********]

    #This should handle the firmware update.

    # Reboot to install firmware.

    # Check any changes / fixes / workarounds have be been overwritten to default.

    # If in your BIOS you have an audio codec choice AC97 / HD-Audio choose HD-Audio.

    # Upgrade Bios to latest Version. Flash x3 times to ensure it sticks correctly.

    https://github.com/torvalds/linux/blob/04cbfba6208592999d7bfe6609ec01dc3fde73f5/Documentation/sound/hd-audio/notes.rst

    "Speaker and Headphone Output

    One of the most frequent (and obvious) bugs with HD-audio is the silent output from either or both of a built-in speaker and a headphone jack. In general, you should try a headphone output at first. A speaker output often requires more additional controls like the external amplifier bits. Thus a headphone output has a slightly better chance.

    Before making a bug report, double-check whether the mixer is set up correctly. The recent version of snd-hda-intel driver provides mostly "Master" volume control as well as "Front" volume (where Front indicates the front-channels). In addition, there can be individual "Headphone" and "Speaker" controls"

    USERNAME_MURPHY

    submitted by /u/Tokamak_nV-Eon
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    Can I open word docs on LibreOffice??

    Posted: 29 Sep 2019 01:59 PM PDT

    And how?

    submitted by /u/GD1103
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    Which files to backup before reinstalling?

    Posted: 29 Sep 2019 08:36 AM PDT

    I am running Pi for Desktop on an older PC for the sole purpose of running Home Assistant.Being new, I've mucked up some things and I would rather just start fresh, but I *really* don't want to have to set up the NFS, Samba, and user permissions I've already set up.

    I want to be sure I back up the correct files so I can open them and copy/paste anything. I just kind of grabbed what I thought I may need (I do have my Hassio backups saved, too) but would love if someone can point out something I may want to grab.

    https://i.redd.it/4qdxcmswyjp31.jpg

    Thank you in advance!

    submitted by /u/Kayhold
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    Use the phone as microphone for Discord

    Posted: 29 Sep 2019 06:05 AM PDT

    On windows I used WoMic (it's a client+virtualmic-driver* on the PC and a server on the phone) that creates a virtual mic.

    (\ So I can't use it on Wine, at least I never managed to install drivers on it)*

    I followed the WoMic instructions for Linux without any success (it just makes a quiet audio file).

    There are other solutions? I need it to use wireless (local wifi, like womic) - all the solutions that I found are involved on using an audio jack (phone's jack output = phone mic input).

    ​

    I'm on EndeavourOS (arch btw) with Pulseaudio (if it make any difference).

    submitted by /u/Niyix
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    How can I turn my laptop into a "Wi-Fi router" under Linux?

    Posted: 29 Sep 2019 11:51 AM PDT

    In other words, I want to find a way to share my laptop's internet connection over Wi-Fi to other devices, namely game consoles and a Windows desktop PC.

    EDIT: I know that Ubuntu has a "Use as Hotspot" option under Network Settings. This method doesn't allow me to go online through Wi-Fi on the laptop when it's enabled, unfortunately.

    Is this possible? If so, what's your recommended method to make it happen?

    Thanks, all.

    submitted by /u/smashingyngman
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    Immediate shutdown on battery low, dconf not working on mint?

    Posted: 29 Sep 2019 11:43 AM PDT

    Hi, I tried this before on /r/linuxmint but to no avail. Ever since I got my computer set up I've had a problem with the computer shutting down immediately without warning. From research it seems that the warnings not appearing is a problem where they do not show in fullscreen. And the immediate shutdown should be changeable with using dconf editor. However It seems to me that none of the settings i change using dconf have any effect. For example altering the power button function or lid close action. The only other alternative i have found is using Battery Applet with Monitoring and Shutdown, BAMS. However that caused horrible stuttering for me. Anybody have any ideas?

    submitted by /u/Eridan
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    Installed Lubuntu - cannot install/run VLC in English. It always installs and opens in "Greek". Help?

    Posted: 29 Sep 2019 05:37 AM PDT

    I've installed Lubuntu on an older laptop. It runs great, except this one thing:

    Whenever I install VLC either through the Synaptic Package Manager or LX Terminal, it installs it in Greek. I have no idea why, since all my system is set to U.S. English. There are no settings to change the interface language in the Linux version of VLC that I can see. I've tried Googling my problem and I came accross a recomendation to launch it with the "LANGUAGE=en" added parameter. However, all this does is give me an error in Greek upon launch (that I can't understand) and does nothing to change the interface language.

    Any solution?

    PS: Yes I've tried reinstalling it and rebooting many times.

    PPS: Learning Greek is also not an option for me.

    Thanks!

    Edit 1: Looks like it launches in the correct language when I launch it from another account I just created, but still not in the correct language in my main account.

    Edit 2: Also, VLC is struggling to play 30 fps videos, playing only 1 frame per second with JPEG artifacts. No idea why - the same videos play smoothly in MPV Media Player. Can this also be fixed?

    Edit 3: Language issue fixed by emptying the .config folder. I don't know which config file was screwing it up, because it wasn't the VLC config folder. But anyways, issue is resolved.

    submitted by /u/gapagos
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    How to hide unwanted drives

    Posted: 29 Sep 2019 11:33 AM PDT

    So i dual booted Ubuntu and Win10 but when i explore ubuntu i keep finding the separate drive that win10 is in. Is there a way to hide it from Linux so i don't accidentally do something to it ?

    submitted by /u/inmeyal
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    How to turn "echo on" during grub boot?

    Posted: 29 Sep 2019 10:44 AM PDT

    When I boot off of my Manjaro USB stick, I see all sorts of cool [ OK ] Stuff is: WORKING and similar messages. I do not see them at all when I boot up to my installed version of Manjaro. How can I turn it back on?

    I tried editing grub, but it's unsuccessful (you can see the old version commented out on the bits I thought would solve this. I omitted some lines which are obviously not involved, but if you think they're important let me know):
    GRUB_DEFAULT=saved
    GRUB_TIMEOUT=3
    #GRUB_TIMEOUT_STYLE=hidden
    GRUB_TIMEOUT_STYLE=menu
    GRUB_DISTRIBUTOR='Manjaro'
    #GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX_DEFAULT="quiet apparmor=1 security=apparmor udev.log_priority=3"
    GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX_DEFAULT="quiet apparmor=0 security=apparmor udev.log_priority=3"
    GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX=""

    # If you want to enable the save default function, uncomment the following
    # line, and set GRUB_DEFAULT to saved.
    GRUB_SAVEDEFAULT=true

    # Uncomment to use basic console
    GRUB_TERMINAL_INPUT=console

    # Uncomment to disable graphical terminal
    #GRUB_TERMINAL_OUTPUT=console

    # Uncomment if you want GRUB to pass to the Linux kernel the old parameter
    # format "root=/dev/xxx" instead of "root=/dev/disk/by-uuid/xxx"
    #GRUB_DISABLE_LINUX_UUID=true

    # Uncomment to disable generation of recovery mode menu entries
    GRUB_DISABLE_RECOVERY=true

    submitted by /u/asinine17
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    Is there a way to log into an existing session with ssh?

    Posted: 29 Sep 2019 10:40 AM PDT

    For example, open up a terminal on my laptop and run some programs, then I move over to my desktop. Can I ssh in to that terminal window on my laptop to access those running programs?

    If not, is there any way of doing this?

    submitted by /u/Zeredder
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    Creating a live windows partition/installing windows on a usb

    Posted: 29 Sep 2019 10:16 AM PDT

    I know I know, windows bad. But I need to use windows and I've tried just about everything. I put it on the (external) hdd I wanted it installed on but windows can only be installed on NTFS file systems (but you can only boot windows from FAT). So then I moved the windows booter into a separate usb and formatted my hdd to NTFS. But you can't install windows from usb to usb. Then I created a third partition on my hdd which was in FAT and another partition in NTFS, but windows can't install onto a usb (from boot) at all. Then I tried to find software that creates a live windows partition but they don't work on WINE. The only open source software (woeusb) gives me an error saying my hdd is mounted even though it isn't. I would use virtualbox but it's so slow, I can't get past the installation. Also, I kind of need the performance. At this point, I'm thinking about resizing and creating a new partition in my main ssd but I don't really want to back everything up. Does anyone know any other way? Thanks for your time. I'm running Ubuntu LTS 1.8.0.4

    submitted by /u/xhitcramp
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    Using i3 and wallpaper changes back to stock after log out.

    Posted: 29 Sep 2019 10:15 AM PDT

    Okay, so I switched to manjaro i3 and I have changed the config file to include: 

    always_exec feh --bg-scale /home/james/Pictures/wallpaper.jpg

    Now when I log out and log back in it has the wallpaper that I want for a second then it switches back to the default. However, when I restart i3 the correct wallpaper comes up. I think there is some other desktop management software installed that is doing this, but I can't seem to find anything. Any help would be greatly appreciated.

    submitted by /u/PathOfTheProkopton
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    I'm NEW to linux

    Posted: 29 Sep 2019 10:11 AM PDT

    What would you recommend me to download?

    (Already have chrome)

    submitted by /u/GD1103
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    Best screen-recording software for linux?

    Posted: 29 Sep 2019 09:35 AM PDT

    I use pop!os by the way so bonus points if it's on the pop!shop

    submitted by /u/romanoum004
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    How can we ensure that FOSS projects are not hijacked?

    Posted: 29 Sep 2019 09:24 AM PDT

    Hi,

    potentially stupid question, but still. How can we ensure a given FOSS project is not hijacked? For example, there's a hypothetical project, published on github under GPLv2 license. Then someone comes into the home of the developer while he's logged into github, kills the developer, and then changes the license to something super proprietary? What prevents something like this happening to FOSS projects? I'm more concerned about the vitally important projects, like GNU or linux kernel...

    submitted by /u/lyadavy
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    packet tracer

    Posted: 29 Sep 2019 05:36 AM PDT

    I have been trying to install packet tracer since couple of hours and this error has been bugging me.I am not being able to figure this out.

    ​

    https://i.redd.it/sadc1z8u1jp31.png

    submitted by /u/Giofakezero
    [link] [comments]

    Absolute Torrent Beginner: Do You have to open any ports on your linux machine or router to be able to torrent? What about using a VPN with very strict iptables/ufw rules (only allowing internet traffic through tun0/UDP/Port 1194?

    Posted: 29 Sep 2019 03:18 AM PDT
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