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    Linux An introduction to Linux through Windows Subsystem for Linux

    September 02, 2020

    Linux An introduction to Linux through Windows Subsystem for Linux

    An introduction to Linux through Windows Subsystem for Linux

    Posted: 02 Sep 2020 01:32 PM PDT

    I'm working as an Undergraduate Learning Assistant and wrote this guide to help out students who were in the same boat I was in when I first took my university's intro to computer science course. It provides an overview of how to get started using Linux, guides you through setting up Windows Subsystem for Linux to run smoothly on Windows 10, and provides a very basic introduction to Linux. Students seemed to dig it, so I figured it'd help some people in here as well. I've never posted here before, so apologies if I'm unknowingly violating subreddit rules.

    An introduction to Linux through Windows Subsystem for Linux

    GitHub Pages link

    Introduction and motivation

    tl;dr skip to next section

    So you're thinking of installing a Linux distribution, and are unsure where to start. Or you're an unfortunate soul using Windows 10 in CPSC 201. Either way, this guide is for you. In this section I'll give a very basic intro to some of options you've got at your disposal, and explain why I chose Windows Subsystem for Linux among them. All of these have plenty of documentation online so Google if in doubt.

    • Dual-booting with Windows and a Linux distro
      • Will basically involve partitioning your drive and installing Linux from an external bootable USB through your computer's boot menu. You'll get the full Linux experience.
      • Lots of Linux flavors to choose from. For beginners, Ubuntu and Linux Mint are generally recommended. I have Ubuntu 18.04 LTS, I'd recommend Ubuntu 20.04 LTS since it's newer, but it's all up to you.
      • However, it's a pain to setup and to constantly be switching between operating systems, so up to you. Maybe you wanna make the full jump to Linux, maybe you don't.
      • Life pro tip: if you go this route, disable Window 10's Fast Startup feature as it will get very screwy with a dual-boot.
    • Using a virtual machine (VM) to run Linux
      • Involves downloading a VM, downloading a .iso image file of whatever operating system you'd like, and running on your local machine.
      • Devours RAM and is generally pretty slow, would not recommend.
    • Using bash emulation software, like Putty or Git Bash
      • bash stands for Bourne Again Shell (no, Bourne is not a typo), it's the most commonly used Linux shell these days
      • bash emulators generally don't include a package manager, i.e. you can't download new bash programs, so pretty limited for general usage. BUT you can install a package manager externally, kind of hacky but can work.

    • Using Windows Subsystem for Linux (either WSL 1 or WSL 2)

      • WSL provides a compatibility layer for running Linux natively on Windows 10. It has integration features certain Windows 10 development apps (notably Visual Studio Code) as well.
      • You've got two options, WSL 1 and WSL 2. WSL 2 was recently released and features a real Linux kernel, as opposed to an simulated kernel in WSL. This means WSL 2 offers significant performance advantages, but still lacks some of WSL 1's features.
      • WSL 1 is what I currently use, and thus what I'll be talking about in this guide. I'm not necessarily recommending it, frankly I regret not doing a dual-boot sooner and ditching Windows, but a dual-boot isn't for everyone and takes a lot of time you might not have right now.
      • Getting WSL initially setup is easy, but making it run smoothly requires some effort, and some features (like audio playback or displaying GUIs) require workarounds you can research if interested.

      With that out of the way, let's get started with setting up WSL 1 on your Windows 10 machine.

    Setting up WSL

    So if you've read this far I've convinced you to use WSL. Let's get started with setting it up. The very basics are outlined in Microsoft's guide here, I'll be covering what they talk about and diving into some other stuff.

    1. Installing WSL

    Press the Windows key (henceforth Winkey) and type in PowerShell. Right-click the icon and select run as administrator. Next, paste in this command:

    dism.exe /online /enable-feature /featurename:Microsoft-Windows-Subsystem-Linux /all /norestart

    Now you'll want to perform a hard shutdown on your computer. This can become unecessarily complicated because of Window's fast startup feature, but here we go. First try pressing the Winkey, clicking on the power icon, and selecting Shut Down while holding down the shift key. Let go of the shift key and the mouse, and let it shutdown. Great! Now open up Command Prompt and type in 

    wsl --help

    If you get a large text output, WSL has been successfully enabled on your machine. If nothing happens, your computer failed at performing a hard shutdown, in which case you can try the age-old technique of just holding down your computer's power button until the computer turns itself off. Make sure you don't have any unsaved documents open when you do this.

    2. Installing Ubuntu

    Great! Now that you've got WSL installed, let's download a Linux distro. Press the Winkey and type in Microsoft Store. Now use the store's search icon and type in Ubuntu. Ubuntu is a Debian-based Linux distribution, and seems to have the best integration with WSL, so that's what we'll be going for. If you want to be quirky, here are some other options. Once you type in Ubuntu three options should pop up: Ubuntu, Ubuntu 20.04 LTS, and Ubuntu 18.04 LTS.

    ![Windows Store](https://theshepord.github.io/intro-to-WSL/docs/images/winstore.png) Installing plain-old "Ubuntu" will mean the app updates whenever a new major Ubuntu distribution is released. The current version (as of 09/02/2020) is Ubuntu 20.04.1 LTS. The other two are older distributions of Ubuntu. For most use-cases, i.e. unless you're running some software that will break when upgrading, you'll want to pick the regular Ubuntu option. That's what I did.

    Once that's done installing, again hit Winkey and open up Ubuntu. A console window should open up, asking you to wait a minute or two for files to de-compress and be stored on your PC. All future launches should take less than a second. It'll then prompt you to create a username and password. I'd recommend sticking to whatever your Windows username and password is so that you don't have to juggle around two different user/password combinations, but up to you.

    Finally, to upgrade all your packages, type in

    sudo apt-get update

    And then 

    sudo apt-get upgrade

    apt-get is the Ubuntu package manager, this is what you'll be using to install additional programs on WSL.

    3. Making things nice and crispy: an introduction to UNIX-based filesystems

    tl;dr skip to the next section

    The two above steps are technically all you need for running WSL on your system. However, you may notice that whenever you open up the Ubuntu app your current folder seems to be completely random. If you type in pwd (for Present Working Directory, 'directory' is synonymous with 'folder') inside Ubuntu and hit enter, you'll likely get some output akin to /home/<your_username>. Where is this folder? Is it my home folder? Type in ls (for LiSt) to see what files are in this folder. Probably you won't get any output, because surprise surprise this folder is not your Windows home folder and is in fact empty (okay it's actually not empty, which we'll see in a bit. If you type in ls -a, a for All, you'll see other files but notice they have a period in front of them, which tells bash that they should be hidden by default. Anyways).

    So where is my Windows home folder? Is WSL completely separate from Windows? Nope! This is Windows Subsystem for Linux after all. Notice how, when you typed pwd earlier, the address you got was /home/<your_username>. Notice that forward-slash right before home. That forward-slash indicates the root directory (not to be confused with the /root directory), which is the directory at the top of the directory hierarchy and contains all other directories in your system. So if we type ls /, you'll see what are the top-most directories in your system. Okay, great. They have a bunch of seemingly random names. Except, shocker, they aren't random. I've provided a quick run-down in Appendix A.

    For now, though, we'll focus on /mnt, which stands for mount. This is where your C drive, which contains all your Windows stuff, is mounted. So if you type ls /mnt/c, you'll begin to notice some familiar folders. Type in ls /mnt/c/Users, and voilà, there's your Windows home folder. Remember this filepath, /mnt/c/Users/<your_Windows_home_folder>. When we open up Ubuntu, we don't want it tossing us in this random /home/<your_username> directory, we want our Windows home folder. Let's change that!

    4. Changing your default home folder

    Type in sudo vim /etc/passwd. You'll likely be prompted for your Ubuntu's password. sudo is a command that gives you root privileges in bash (akin to Windows's right-click then selecting 'Run as administrator'). vim is a command-line text-editing tool, kinda like an even crummier Notepad, which is a pain to use at first but bear with me and we can pull through. /etc/passwd is a plaintext file that does not store passwords, as the name would suggest, but rather stores essential user info used every time you open up WSL.

    Anyway, once you've typed that in, your shell should look something like this: ![vim /etc/passwd](https://theshepord.github.io/intro-to-WSL/docs/images/vim-etc-passwd.png)

    Using arrow-keys, find the entry that begins with your Ubuntu username. It should be towards the bottom of the file. In my case, the line looks like

    theshep:x:1000:1000:,,,:/home/pizzatron3000:/bin/bash

    See that cringy, crummy /home/pizzatron3000? Not only do I regret that username to this day, it's also not where we want our home directory. Let's change that! Press i to initiate vim's -- INSERT -- mode. Use arrow-keys to navigate to that section, and delete /home/<your_username> by holding down backspace. Remember that filepath I asked you to remember? /mnt/c/Users/<your_Windows_home_folder>. Type that in. For me, the line now looks like

    theshep:x:1000:1000:,,,:/mnt/c/Users/lucas:/bin/bash

    Next, press esc to exit insert mode, then type in the following:

    :wq

    The : tells vim you're inputting a command, w means write, and q means quit. If you've screwed up any of the above sections, you can also type in :q! to exit vim without saving the file. Just remember to exit insert mode by pressing esc before inputting commands, else you'll instead be writing to the file.

    Great! If you now open up a new terminal and type in pwd, you should be in your Window's home folder! However, things seem to be lacking their usual color...

    5. Importing your configuration files into the new home directory

    Your home folder contains all your Ubuntu and bash configuration files. However, since we just changed the home folder to your Window's home folder, we've lost these configuration files. Let's bring them back! These configuration files are hidden inside /home/<your_Ubuntu_username>, and they all start with a . in front of the filename. So let's copy them over into your new home directory! Type in the following:

    cp -r /home/<your_Ubuntu_username>/* ~

    cp stands for CoPy, -r stands for recursive (i.e. descend into directories), the * is a Kleene Star and means "grab everything that's here", and the ~ is a quick way of writing your home directory's filepath (which would be /mnt/c/Users/<your_Windows_username>) without having to type all that in again. Once you've run this, all your configuration files should now be present in your new home directory. Configuration files like .bashrc, .profile, and .bash_profile essentially provides commands that are run whenever you open a new shell. So now, if you open a new shell, everything should be working normally. Amazing. We're done!

    6. Tips & tricks

    Here are two handy commands you can add to your .profile file. Run vim ~/.profile, then, type these in at the top of the .profile file, one per line, using the commands we discussed previously (i to enter insert mode, esc to exit insert mode, :wq to save and quit).

    alias rm='rm -i' makes it so that the rm command will always ask for confirmation when you're deleting a file. rm, for ReMove, is like a Windows delete except literally permanent and you will lose that data for good, so it's nice to have this extra safeguard. You can type rm -f to bypass. Linux can be super powerful, but with great power comes great responsibility. NEVER NEVER NEVER type in rm -rf /, this is saying 'delete literally everything and don't ask for confirmation', your computer will die. You've been warned. Be careful.

    export DISPLAY=:0 if you install XLaunch VcXsrv, this line allows you to open graphical interfaces through Ubuntu. The export sets the environment variable DISPLAY, and the :0 tells Ubuntu that it should use the localhost display.

    Appendix A: overview of top-level UNIX directories

    tl;dr only mess with /mnt, /home, and maybe maybe /usr. Don't touch anything else.

    • bin: binaries, contains Ubuntu binary (aka executable) files that are used in bash. Here you'll find the binaries that execute commands like ls and pwd. Similar to /usr/bin, but bin gets loaded earlier in the booting process so it contains the most important commands.
    • boot: contains information for operating system booting. Empty in WSL, because WSL isn't an operating system.
    • dev: devices, contains information for Ubuntu to communicate with I/O devices. One useful file here is /dev/null, which is basically an information black hole that automatically deletes any data you pass it.
    • etc: no idea why it's called etc, but it contains system-wide configuration files
    • home: equivalent to Window's C:/Users folder, contains home folders for the different users. In an Ubuntu system, under /home/<username> you'd find the Documents folder, Downloads folder, etc.
    • lib: libraries used by the system
    • lib64 64-bit libraries used by the system
    • mnt: mount, where your drives are located
    • opt: third-party applications that don't have any dependencies outside the scope of their own package
    • proc: process information, contains details about your Linux system, kind of like Windows's C:/Windows folder
    • run: directory for programs to store runtime information. Similarly to /bin vs /usr/bin, run has the same function as /var/run, but gets loaded sooner in the boot process.
    • srv: server folder, holds data to be served in protocols like ftp, www, cvs, and others
    • sys: system, used by the Linux kernel to set or obtain information about the host system
    • tmp: temporary, runtime files that are cleared out after every reboot. Kinda like RAM in that way.
    • usr: contains additional UNIX commands, header files for compiling C programs, among other things. Most of everything you install using apt-get ends up here.
    • var: variable, contains variable data such as logs, databases, e-mail etc, but that persist across different boots.

    Appendix B: random resources

    submitted by /u/HeavenBuilder
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    Wifi connection shits off after 30 minutes

    Posted: 02 Sep 2020 08:06 AM PDT

    I currently have Ubuntu and Arch dual booted on my Surface Book 2. Everything works great, with the exception of wifi. After about half an hour, all wifi connectivity drops and the only connection available shown from iwconfig is loopback. Restarting systemd-networkd does nothing to fix the issue. Any ideas of what may be going wrong? It turns back on every reboot.

    Edit: Solved! Was a driver issue for the surface kernel. Leaving this up for anyone with a similar problem because this has been bugging me for days.
    Explanation and github issue link

    submitted by /u/Honey_Slug
    [link] [comments]

    How would I dual boot a linux distro without a USB?

    Posted: 02 Sep 2020 06:20 AM PDT

    I don't have a USB. How would I dual boot one without it? I tried Unetbootin but I get a 'Windows not found' Error when I try booting it. I don't know why. Has anyone had any success with this?

    Is it okay if I create a separate drive with exFat and boot Linux on it?

    submitted by /u/SoMeTiMeSmEmEs
    [link] [comments]

    GNOME's History - Video tour through GNOME 1, 2 and 3

    Posted: 02 Sep 2020 09:07 AM PDT

    Crawling back to linux tails between my legs....

    Posted: 02 Sep 2020 12:05 AM PDT

    I have been angry for a while after installing xubuntu on my ancient netbook only to find that every kernel update failed with some message about not enough space on the partition or something (this was more than 2 years ago), requiring me to learn to delete the older kernel versions that had been downloaded. After a few weeks of trying with no success i turned to the darkside and angrily flamed people on this sub for their idealism and the lack of user friendly functionality (auto updates that didnt brake my delicate granny of a netbook)....

    After trying to use cloudready on this machine ive realized that linux is my only hope. Linuxfornoobs, i come to you a broken (economically limited) man with kids returning to school asking me for a laptop to use for zoom. I need a distro that will require the absolute minimum investment of brain space in order to function with only two requirements: zoom and youtube.

    Help me LInuxfornoobs your'e my only hope.

    submitted by /u/pluutoni
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    security of bit torrent downloads

    Posted: 02 Sep 2020 06:49 AM PDT

    [flair = SOLVED]

    Since I am downloading bits of this ISO from many unknown locations, is there any chance that one or more of these locations could insert malware in the bit they send me? If they did would it survive the re-integration of the bits into a whole ISO on my hard drive?

    submitted by /u/waspentalive
    [link] [comments]

    linux newbies fed up with Windows

    Posted: 01 Sep 2020 04:02 PM PDT

    Hi,

    This isn't a troll post. I'm honestly interested in the answers to it. Almost daily, you can read a posting here of someone that wants to dive into Linux and says that they are sick of Windows. My question is, why? Why are they sick of Windows or Mac OS, and what brings you to want to use Linux? I imagine that a lot of it has to do with gaming; however, I could be wrong.

    I'm also interested in what you think you're going to get by switching to Linux? Again, I'm genuinely interested in the answers. I mainly run Linux, but I also have a MacBook Air and a Microsoft Surface. Each has its job, and each does what I need it to do.

    I'll be interested to hear your responses.

    submitted by /u/prthorsenjr
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    ubuntu installation stuck at updates and other software (dual booting)

    Posted: 02 Sep 2020 03:03 PM PDT

    so the solution is already there, which is to open Disks and mount/unmount windows partition, but my actual question is how to do that? I looked up google and didn't get it, sorry if this is too naive but I dont understand how can I open Disks when I'm in installing mode? because I can't open anything. I tried to go with try ubuntu option but it also stuck with me.

    submitted by /u/SuccessfulLeadership
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    Are there any good pre-test, test or study material for the LPIC-1 and LPIC-2 ?

    Posted: 02 Sep 2020 03:01 PM PDT

    I am searching on line for study material as I have completed the Cisco course 1 and 2. These courses should have made me ready but I don't feel confident yet. I am following tutorials online and I am finding gaps in my knowledge. Are there any go to study material that can get me ready to take the certification test?

    submitted by /u/obviouslycereal
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    'network connection has disconnected'

    Posted: 02 Sep 2020 02:13 PM PDT

    So I have ParrotOS installed now, thanks to the help of people on this subreddit. Everything was well but after an hour or so, the network just disconnects. It says 'Network connection has disconnected'. Only restarting brought the wifi back up. But then it happened again, and restarting didn't help that time.

    Has anyone else encountered this issue?

    submitted by /u/SoMeTiMeSmEmEs
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    One Year With ThinkPad and Linux (From Macbook Pro)

    Posted: 02 Sep 2020 01:43 PM PDT

    how to export a keyboard layout

    Posted: 02 Sep 2020 06:00 AM PDT

    Hello, does somebody know or just have better googling skills than me to help me ?

    I'm trying to export a keyboard layout I found on manjaro by default. The way it handles accents just fits me and I couldn't find a way to back it up to maybe add it on windows or another distro.

    submitted by /u/VanMurdoc
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    Touchpad not recognized

    Posted: 02 Sep 2020 09:05 AM PDT

    Hey Guys.

    So i am bashically nearly at the point ov giving up.

    The situation: Ive get a "Winbook 13", installed Arch, touchpad isnt working. Tried some other live distros out to be sure my install isnt the problem, same issue. apparently it uses a SIPODEV SP1064 which "does not supply descriptors". So after a bit of googleing i found this (https://patchwork.kernel.org/patch/10743177/) kernel patch, compiled a new kernel with the new files. However, it still wont get detected as an input device.

    i also found this (https://bugzilla.kernel.org/show_bug.cgi?id=199821#c12) thread about the touchpad itself, however it should be fixed after kernel 4.something (5.8.5 in my case). Does someone might have an idea?

    submitted by /u/Desjardinss
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    Problem installing Grub (I think)

    Posted: 02 Sep 2020 04:56 AM PDT

    (english is not my best, sorry if something is wrong)

    Hi, i'm trying yo install Linux Mint on my pc, i have a live pen and i think i'm doing everything ok. But at the end of the installation i receive the error "Executing Grub-install /dev/sda failed" and the installer closes.

    I don't have Windows, and erased all the partitions on my pc before (create a new efi and other for Linux)

    My pc is a Lenovo Ideapad320 (i've already desactivated the fast boot on the bios)

    Any ideas?

    submitted by /u/Winmo97
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    How to see VPN user address that log into Mac Mini

    Posted: 02 Sep 2020 12:26 PM PDT

    Hello, I want to see the IP of the address of my employees that log into Mac minis for troubleshooting. Employees are running vpn into our mac minis. I want to see what IP is coming from the VPN so I can track people that log in. Does anyone know how to do this? Or a better way?

    submitted by /u/jerome908
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    How do I run an Appinmage

    Posted: 02 Sep 2020 04:43 AM PDT

    Hello I am new to Linux just installed it yesterday and I ran into a problem when trying to run an Appimage. I watched many tutorials on YouTube and all they said was I need to right click and go to properties and make file executable. But that does not apply to me as I get a "Unknown file type" error and It says the file type has no known programs associated with it.

    Please help

    submitted by /u/Jojogotbandzz
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    why does mv remove my files in this script? trying to rename all files to parent directory name

    Posted: 02 Sep 2020 11:30 AM PDT

    Hello

    I used the code from this stack exchange question and it deleted all of my files. Can someone tell me why using mv in this way is removing the files? I've used mv in a for loop before and it did not do this.

    Thanks in advance

    for subdir in *; do mv $subdir/t1.nii $s $subdir.nii; done;
    submitted by /u/Jealous_Pudding
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    Wifi, can't connect.

    Posted: 02 Sep 2020 11:18 AM PDT

    Hello, I just installed linux ubuntu for the first time in my life. I can't connect to my wi-fi, I enter the password, it tries to connect for a bit and then nothing happens. I tried googling the solution but it's all very confusing, can someone help, please?

    submitted by /u/TheRenaissanceMan92
    [link] [comments]

    Did a RHEL minimal install, apparently it was more minimal than I thought.

    Posted: 02 Sep 2020 11:02 AM PDT

    Hello!

    I'm not sure if this is the right place to ask this, feel free to point me in the right direction if it's not.

    I recently installed RHEL 7.6 on an intel NUC6CAYH. I did a minimal installation, and I was following this guide on how to register and get packages installed onto it.

    But I encountered an error: Name or service not known.

    I looked it up and it looks to be a DNS issue. I followed this guide on fixing the issue

    But when I tried to start the haldaemon service I get: Failed to start haldaemon.service: Unit not found

    Am I stuck at this point? Do I need to reinstall with more tools? Or is there something else I can do?

    Other notes: I set the contents of /etc/resolv.conf to nameserver 1.1.1.1 which should be Cloudflare's DNS provider, I believe.

    EDIT: After talking with someone else, I decided to re-install red-hat. I decided to go with "Server with GUI" but as I understand it, going with "Infrastructure Server" would have worked and had the features I needed to install everything else.

    submitted by /u/NormalPersonNumber3
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    Using rofi run in terminal runs my script just fine, but using an i3 binding returns an error?

    Posted: 02 Sep 2020 10:57 AM PDT

    I made a little script that literally just opens up my textbooks in zathura. I added the directory with the scripts to my path, made them executable, and did all that. When I do rofi -show run and launch my scripts through the window that pops up out of the terminal, I am able to launch my script no problem. But if I use my bind to launch rofi run on i3-gaps, it gives me an error saying "run failed there is no child process (document not found)". Does anyone have any idea as to why this would happen and how I could fix it?

    submitted by /u/perseus1277
    [link] [comments]

    My pendrive shows this error. I hope this is okay for the sub.

    Posted: 02 Sep 2020 06:59 AM PDT

    Help with Ubuntu partitioning

    Posted: 02 Sep 2020 10:18 AM PDT

    I uninstalled Wine fully but the program icons are still in my menu on Linux mint 20

    Posted: 02 Sep 2020 06:17 AM PDT

    So I was having issues with Wine and basically I screwed up so I decided to uninstall everything wine related. Extreme I know

    But after all that in the menu (after clicking the little logo in the bottom left corner of mint; don't remember proper name) WINE still appears as well as all the programs, although clicking on them does nothing

    I tried doing autoremove and a reboot and nothing changed. I'm confused how to get rid of the icons or did I screw something up.

    I'm on Linux mint 20, don't remember the version name but it's the latest version and it's based on Ubuntu 20.04

    Any help would be appreciated; thank you

    submitted by /u/MelodicSatisfaction9
    [link] [comments]

    How do I add a 2nd user to be able to read/write inside a directory in my home?

    Posted: 02 Sep 2020 05:39 AM PDT

    I am using a service with a web interface that has it's own user... I have a folder in my home dir that this service looks at.. everything is working fine.. but the service can not delete.. I think it is a permissions problem.

    What do I do to make the dir able to be accessed by another user.... /home/username/sharedfolder

    How do I make it so anything in this folder and anything copied into this folder by username or the service is able to be deleted?

    submitted by /u/Jynks
    [link] [comments]

    Need help with undervolting laptop

    Posted: 02 Sep 2020 01:14 AM PDT

    Hi all I currently have a razer blade 15 (i7-9750h) 19 running manjaro xfce. I'm trying to undervolt my CPU core and CPU cache -150mv, -75mv to iGPU (I have tested these settings on windows with throttlestop and it was stable) as well. I installed MSR tools and python-undervolt through AUR, disabled safe boot but I'm still not able to undervolt.

    I tried using 

    undervolt --core -150

    and the following returns 

    user@user~]$ undervolt --core -150 modprobe: ERROR: could not insert 'msr': Operation not permitted Traceback (most recent call last): File "/usr/bin/undervolt", line 33, in <module> sys.exit(load_entry_point('undervolt==0.3.0', 'console_scripts', 'undervolt')()) File "/usr/lib/python3.8/site-packages/undervolt.py", line 386, in main subprocess.check_call(['modprobe', 'msr']) File "/usr/lib/python3.8/subprocess.py", line 364, in check_call raise CalledProcessError(retcode, cmd) subprocess.CalledProcessError: Command '['modprobe', 'msr']' returned non-zero exit status 1.

    If any more information is needed let me know, thanks

    submitted by /u/Bakingxpancake
    [link] [comments]
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